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Capital flight has always been a constraint on governments seeking to control business. Competition leads to the monopolistic production of goods and services globally. Still others, including Marxists, accept the globalization logic of capital and argue that capitalism has always had a tendency to be a global process, as attested by colonialism, which is based on the global search for markets and cheaper raw materials. These scholars support antiglobalization movements, nationally regulated international processes, and protection of national welfare benefits. So, globalization is a geographically uneven process, and nation-states and national cultures are still important factors. They say that most of international economic flows are concentrated within the triad (United States, Japan, and Western Europe) and that the emergence of supranational trading blocs (e.g., the European Union) is indicative of regionalization rather than globalization. They point to the limited mobility of labor vis-à-vis capital. They emphasize the importance of international companies headquartered in specific national territories, i.e., multinational corporations 9 (MNCs, rather than “footloose” companies or transnational corporations (TNCs). Others (“internationalists”) accept some aspects of globalization but are skeptical of the view that it is unprecedented (compared to the early part of the 20th century). Accordingly, globalization affects everyone and all places, and nation-states are powerless to control hypermobile capital, so it is futile to resist it. Some claim that we live in a historically unique globalized world, with a single world market, where national boundaries (including nation-states) are more or less meaningless, and distances have little impact on economic and social relations. Causes and impacts of globalization are hotly debated. Globalization has economic, political, cultural, spatial, and environmental aspects.
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It also refers to the increased interdependence among nation-states and supranational institutions and to increased connectivity among people’s movements for a more democratic and humane society. It refers to intensified geographical movements across national borders of commodities, people seeking employment, money and capital investment, knowledge, cultural values, and environmental pollutants.
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Globalization is one of the most widely discussed topics in geography and other social sciences.
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